A guide is a person who leads anyone through unknown or unmapped country. This includes a guide of the real world (such as someone who conducts travellers and tourists through a place of interest), as well as a person who leads someone to more abstract places (such as to knowledge or wisdom).

Guide - meanings related to travel and recreational pursuits

There are many variants of guides in this context, and guides are often employed in any aspect of travel or adventure, or wherever there is an advantage to the client in terms of knowledge provided in improving the overall travel experience or making the client feel more safe due to the presumed expertise of the guide. These days guides will normally possess an area and field-specific qualification usually issued and/or recognised by the appropriate Guide's Association or licensing authority. However this is not always the case, and it is advisable for travellers paying a premium to go on an organised tour or journey because they think this will mean they will have a better experience to check the guide's qualifications beforehand.Explorers in the past venturing into territory unknown by their own people invariably hired guides. American West explorers Lewis and Clark hired a Shoshone Indian woman Sacagawea, and Wilfred Thesiger hired guides in the deserts that he ventured into, such as Kuri on his journey to the Tibesti Mountains in 1938. Aside from knowing the way or the area geographically, modern guides are usually hired to act as interpreters for those travellers who do not speak the local language and provide cultural, historical or other information on the area visited. Travel companies organising tours of large groups often have a guide or tour leader accompany the group. They might also be trained in First Aid and have other skills that reduce the risk for the tour operator to conduct these tours or the travel agency selling them. Here are some examples of guide professions:

Tourist guide

Tourist Guides are representatives of the cities, regions and countries for which they are qualified. It depends largely on them if visitors feel welcome, want to stay longer or decide to come back. They therefore contribute considerably to the perception of the destination. Tourist Guides are able to help travellers understand the culture of the region visited and the way of life of its inhabitants. They have a particular role on the one hand to promote the cultural and natural heritage whilst on the other hand to help ensure its sustainability by making visitors aware of its importance and vulnerability. [EN 13809:2003]

Mountain guide

Mountain guides are those employed in mountaineering; these are not merely to show the way but stand in the position of professional climbers with an expert knowledge of rock and snowcraft, which they impart to the amateur, at the same time assuring the safety of the climbing party. This professional class of guides arose in the middle of the 19th century when Alpine climbing became recognized as a sport.

In Switzerland, the central committee of the Swiss Alpine Club issues a guides’ tariff which fixes the charges for guides and porters; there are three sections, for the Valais and Vaudois Alps, for the Bernese Oberland, and for central and eastern Switzerland.

In Chamonix (France) a statue has been raised to Jacques Balmat, who was the first to climb Mont Blanc in 1786. Other notable European guides are Auguste Balmat, Michel Cros, Maquignay, J. A. Carrel, who accompanied Edward Whymper to the Andes, the brothers Lauener, Christian Almer and Jakob and Melchior Anderegg.

Wilderness guide

A wilderness guide is a person who takes a number of individuals to visit some part of wilderness, such as forest, bogs, hills, on or off marked paths, and ensure the safety of the group while leading them through the wilderness which the guide has knowledge of.

The first priority is the safety of the group, which is why wilderness guides are expected to have a command of basic survival skills (such as making shelters, fire-making, hiking, orienteering and first-aid) as well as experience in survival in extreme conditions and all seasons, and how to deal with an emergency. The guide is also expected to have a deep understanding of the nature of the place he is guiding in, and able to answer questions of the group concerning the local flora and fauna, ecology, geological morphology, as well as cultural history of the place visited.

Other skills may include traditional handicrafts and cooking methods, fishing, hunting, bird watching, nature conservation and animal specialties.

These wilderness guided tours usually take place on foot (or skis or snowshoes if there is snow) but may also involve other vehicles such as cars, snowmobiles, canoes/kayaks, or sledges (traditionally pulled by huskies or reindeers in countries such as Sweden, Finland and Canada).

Hunting guide

Guides employed by those seeking to hunt wildlife, especially big game animals in the wild. Hunting guides have been important in many areas of the world, including the American west, the Adirondacks, and Africa, etc. Hunting guides in Africa of European descent are commonly referred to as White hunter, although this is becoming a less fashionable term these days, as in most African countries today there are also native African "hunters" or hunting guides.

Safari guide

Guides employed on safari, usually for "photographic safaris", although the term can also refer to a "hunting guide" or Professional Hunter. Safari guides who are self-employed, working on their own account with their own marketing and clientele (in contrast with those who work for an employer) sometimes refer to themselves as "professional safari guides".

Military guides and development of Guides Regiments

In European wars up to the time of the French Revolution, the absence of large-scale detailed maps made local guides almost essential to the direction of military operations. In the 18th century the stricter organization of military resources led in various countries to the special training of guide officers who had the primary duty of finding, and if necessary establishing, routes across country. In the history of the American west, Native Americans and mountain men were important in leading military units and settlers alike.

The genesis of the "Guides" regiments may be found in a short-lived Corps of Guides formed by Napoleon in Italy in 1796, which appears to have been a personal escort or body guard composed of men who knew the country. Following the unification of Italy in 1870-71, the new national army included a regiment designated as Guides - the 19th Cavalleggieri (Light Horse).

In the Belgian Army the two Guides regiments, created respectively in 1833 and 1874, constituted part of the light cavalry and came to correspond to the Guard cavalry of other nations. Until the outbreak of World War I, they wore a distinctive uniform comprising a plumed busby, green dolman braided in yellow, and crimson breeches. Mechanised in October 1937, both regiments form armoured battalions in the modern Belgian Army.

In the Swiss army prior to 1914 the squadrons of "Guides" acted as divisional cavalry. In this role these light cavalry units were called upon, on occasion, to lead columns.

The "Queen’s own Corps of Guides" of the British Indian Army consisted of a unique combination of infantry companies and cavalry squadrons. After World War I the infantry element was incorporated in the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the Guides Cavalry formed a separate regiment - the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force).

In drill, a "guide" is an officer or non-commissioned officer who regulates the direction and pace of movements.

Guide - metaphysical meanings

Trip sitter

A psychedelic guide is someone who guides a drug user's experiences as opposed to a sitter who merely remains present, ready to discourage bad trips and handle emergencies but not otherwise getting involved. Guides are more common amongst spiritual users of entheogens. Psychedelic guides were strongly encouraged by Timothy Leary and the other authors of ''The Psychedelic Experience: A Guide Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead''. Trip sitters are also mentioned in the Responsible Drug User's Oath.

Guided meditation

In Islam

In Islam "Ar-Rashid", one of the 99 Names of Allah, means ''The Guide''. From this is derived the common Arabic name Rashid.

References

''Original text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica''.

Category:Personal care and service occupations

da:Guide ko:길잡이 lt:Gidas sv:Guide

name	Cliff Williams
alt	A fifty-eight year old man is singing into a microphone while playing a bass guitar. Behind him are stage lights and a partial view of a large steam train. His long white hair partly obscures his face. He wears a dark tee-shirt and darker pants.
landscape
background	solo_singer
birth name	Clifford Williams
birth date	December 14, 1949
origin	Romford, Essex, England
death date
genre	Hard rock, heavy metal, blues rock, rock and roll, progressive rock
occupation	Musician
instrument	Bass guitar, vocals, guitar
years active	1966–present
label	Columbia
associated acts	Sugar, Home, Al Stewart Band, Stars, Bandit, Alexis Korner, AC/DC
website
notable instruments	Fender Jazz Bass, Fender Precision Bass, Music Man Cliff Williams model }}

Clifford Williams (born 14 December 1949) is an English bassist and backing vocalist, who has been a member of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC since mid-1977. He had started his professional music career in 1967 and was previously in the British groups Home and Bandit. His first studio album with AC/DC was ''Powerage'' in 1978. The band, including Williams, was inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003. Williams's playing style is noted for basic bass lines which follow the rhythm guitar. Williams's side projects, while a member of AC/DC, include benefit concerts and playing with Emir & Frozen Camels on their album ''San'' (2002) and a European tour.

Biography

Early career

Cliff Williams was born on 14 December 1949 in Romford, Essex, on the outskirts of London. The Williams family moved to Hoylake, near Liverpool, in 1961, where he was influenced by the local Merseybeat movement and decided to become a rock musician. At the age of 13, he and some friends formed a band. Williams has listed The Rolling Stones, The Kinks and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley as influences for his style. He mostly learned to play bass guitar by "listening to records and picking out notes", with formal training limited to some lessons from a professional Liverpool bassist. Williams left school when he was 16 years old, becoming an engineer by day and musician by night.

In 1966, Williams became a professional musician and moved back to London, where he worked at a demolition site and in supermarkets, and played in short-lived bands. Williams met guitarist Laurie Wisefield (later a member of Wishbone Ash), and the two became members of a band, Sugar, which soon broke up.

In 1970, Williams and Wisefield joined with singer Mick Stubbs, keyboardist Clive John and drummer Mick Cook to form the progressive rock group Home. The band signed a recording deal with Epic Records and issued their debut LP, ''Pause for a Hoarse Horse'', in 1971. Home was a supporting act for Jeff Beck, Mott the Hoople, The Faces and Led Zeppelin. In 1972, Jim Anderson replaced John on keyboards and Home released a self-titled album, featuring their only hit single, "Dreamer", which peaked at No. 41 in the UK album charts. Their next album, ''The Alchemist'', followed in 1973, but did not gain chart success. When British folk singer-songwriter Al Stewart suggested that Home back him on his first American tour in March 1974, Mick Stubbs left the group. The rest of the members became the Al Stewart Band, but split up after the tour.

Williams briefly played with the American band Stars before forming Bandit in 1974. Bandit's line-up included vocalist Jim Diamond and drummer Graham Broad (later in Bucks Fizz and Roger Waters's band). The group signed with Arista Records and released a self-titled album in 1977. Bandit also performed as Alexis Korner's backing band on 1977's ''The Lost Album'' before disbanding later that year.

AC/DC

In 1977, Cliff Williams considered retiring from music when Bandit disbanded, but one of the group's guitarists, Jimmy Litherland, convinced him to audition for Australian heavy rockers AC/DC. They were looking for a bassist as Mark Evans had been fired shortly after recording the 1977 studio album ''Let There Be Rock''. AC/DC had formed in Australia in 1973 and by mid-1977 the line-up was Malcolm Young on rhythm guitar and backing vocals alongside his brother Angus Young on lead guitar, Phil Rudd on drums and Bon Scott on vocals. Williams said shortly after being told about AC/DC's auditions, he saw the band on ''Top of the Pops'' and reacted positively, describing them as "outrageous".

For his audition, Williams played four jam sessions with the band, and on May 27, 1977, he was asked to join AC/DC. Angus declared it was partly motivated because he thought the bassist's good looks would attract more women to their concerts. Given Williams was replacing an Australian musician, he initially had difficulties obtaining a work permit to enter the country. His first performances with AC/DC were on the tour there supporting ''Let There Be Rock'', with two secret gigs at Sydney's Lifesaver. The album ''Powerage'' (1978), produced by Vanda & Young, marked Williams's studio debut. Williams has remained in AC/DC ever since, with only a temporary departure in 1991 as he suffered a kidney infection, during which Paul Greg had to play bass for some North American concerts in the Razors Edge World Tour. The only members who have been longer with the band are the Young brothers. Along with playing bass, Williams also sings backing vocals with Malcolm. His favourite albums with the band are ''Powerage'' and ''Back in Black''.

Since Williams' introduction to the band, AC/DC has been inducted to the Australian Recording Industry Association's Hall of Fame (in 1988), and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (in 2003). In 1982, ''Kerrang!'' readers voted him as Best Bassist of the year.

Personal life

Cliff Williams's wife, Georganne, is a Colorado native. After they married in 1980, he moved permanently to the United States. Initially the couple lived in Hawaii, but Williams found the islands too isolated and the school system lacking. In 1986, they moved to Fort Myers, Florida, following a suggestion from AC/DC bandmate Brian Johnson (Bon Scott's replacement), who lives nearby in Sarasota. The couple have two children: Erin (born 1985) who is a model-actress under the name Erin Lucas, and Luke (born 1986). His hobbies include fishing and amateur flying.

Side projects

In 1984, Cliff Williams played bass and backing vocals on Adam Bomb's song "I Want My Heavy Metal", for the album ''Fatal Attraction''. During AC/DC's hiatus in the 2000s, Williams joined Bosnian musician Emir Bukovica's band Emir & Frozen Camels. The group recorded the album ''San'' in 2002 and played in some European clubs. In 2005, Williams and AC/DC singer Johnson played in a hurricane relief event in Florida, promoted by the John Entwistle Foundation. There Williams met drummer Steve Luongo, president of the foundation and former member of the John Entwistle band. Luongo later brought Williams, Johnson, and guitarist Mark Hitt for the Classic Rock Cares charity project. The quartet composed and recorded ten tracks in the studio in 2007, and followed that with a tour to raise funds for the foundation. In 2011, Williams played on a benefit concert organized by Mark Farner. Williams said he also occasionally plays with a rhythm and blues band from Fort Myers called The Juice.

Style

Cliff Williams' role in AC/DC is to provide a steady but basic bass lines which follow the rhythm guitar of Malcolm Young, consisting mostly of eighth notes. His bass lines are sometimes written by Malcolm and Angus Young during composition, and at other times Williams develops them based on the other instrumental tracks. Williams said he plays "the same thing in every song, for the most part. In AC/DC's music, the song is more important than any individual's bit in it." He added that "complex [bass] lines wouldn't add anything to a guitar-oriented band like ours, so I try to create a bottom layer that drives what our guys are doing on top." Williams has no difficulty keeping his low profile within the band, declaring that "I don't have any problem doing this, because I enjoy playing simply. I never feel angry or prisoner." His playing technique is mostly centered around downpicking, with occasional use of plucking to mute the strings, which he says "adds more definition and tightens up the notes, and it gives the sound less sustain".

Equipment

Cliff Williams' trademark instrument is the StingRay and other bass guitars by Music Man, strung with D'Addario (.045, .065, .085, .105.) flatwounds in studio and round wound XLs on stage. Williams states that despite trying other basses over the years, he always goes back to Music Man's instruments, which he described as "a tremendous work horse of a guitar". Other basses used include the Fender Precision, a Gibson Thunderbird non-reverse, Fender Jazz, the Steinberger L-series., a Gibson EB-3 and at least two LAG Custom bass guitars. Williams currently uses 3 Ampeg SVT-810E cabinets with 2 SVT-4PRO Heads. He has also used Ashdown 810 speaker cabinets in his live rig. If there is any interference with the wireless systems he will use cables in his live performances.

Notes

References

|title=Cliff Williams |first=Eduardo |last=Rivadavia|accessdate=2011-09-11|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|ref=harv}}

External links

AC/DC's new official website

AC/DC profile page by Albert Music

AC/DC profile page by Atlantic Records

Category:AC/DC members Category:Backing vocalists Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English rock bass guitarists Category:English heavy metal bass guitarists Category:People from Romford Category:1949 births Category:Living people

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